Smoking


 * Climate Change is hazardous to your health ||
 * Smoking ||
 * Asbestos ||
 * DDT ||
 * Climate Change ||
 * Evaluating timelines ||
 * Current attitudes towards climate change ||
 * Progressing attitudes towards climate change ||
 * References ||

**Health risk example 1**

Practised in varying forms for thousands of years, tobacco smoking remains today, one of the most popular forms of recreational drug use by human populations. 4.

Throughout history, the act of smoking has moved through many cycles of perception - from being seen as relaxing and a panacea for all manner of ills, to its depiction as a sinful and vulgar addiction (and // particularly // inappropriate for ladies), to the ultimate phallic symbol - or just one of life’s simple pleasures. Apart from its social stigma, smoking has also undergone an evolution in attitudes towards its health implications. Today recognised as a major cause of diseases including lung cancer, heart attacks and birth defects, smoking has taken on a challenging new perspective for those who manufacture and promote its use, the authorities who regulate and profit from it through taxes, and the people who continue to smoke cigarettes, despite being well-informed of likely consequences.



**SMOKING TIMELINE ** 5,6,7,8,9,10.

Dec 14 1942 issue of George Seldes' IN Fact. || The UK government officially acknowledges lung cancer-smoking link First liability action is brought against US tobacco company: Case won 12 years later. Many lawsuits follow. The same year, cigarette companies sponsor an ad disputing evidence that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer - and form the Tobacco Research Council. || Actor Yul Brynner does TV public service announcement urging people to stop smoking, saying, "Now that I'm gone, I tell you: Don't smoke. Whatever you do, don't smoke." Sponsored by the American Cancer Society. ||
 * **Year ** || **Events ** ||
 * 5000BC || Smoking as part of Shamanistic rituals. ||
 * C.2000BC || Before tobacco arrives in Middle East, cannabis smoking using hookah is common. ||
 * 1500 || Brazil - Cabral discovers ‘petum’ - tobacco. Cultivation, consumption, trading of tobacco spreads around the world via Portuguese and Spanish sailors. ||
 * 1530’s || In Spain, smoking becomes popular with the lower classes. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1548 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Portuguese begin cultivating tobacco for export. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1556 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Tobacco introduced to France. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1564-65 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Tobacco introduced to England by Sir John Hawkins. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1571 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Germany: Dr Michael Bernhard Valentini’s book Polychresta Exotica (Exotic Remedies) suggests tobacco enemas are useful in the treatment of colic, nephritis, hysteria, hernia and dysentery. It also becomes a craze amongst Spanish doctors. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1577 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">In England, tobacco is recommended for toothache, falling fingernails, worms, halitosis, lockjaw and cancer. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1586 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Germany. ‘De plantis epitome utilissima’ offers one of first warnings about tobacco, calling it a ‘violent herb’. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1601 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Turkey. Smoking is introduced. Denounced by religious leaders, it nonetheless rapidly takes hold. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1603 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">English physicians complain to King James 1 that people are using tobacco without a prescription. A year later the King increases import taxes on tobacco from 2 p/lb to 6 shillings 10p/lb - a 4000% increase. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1614 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Seville, Spain becomes the world centre of cigar production. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1619 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Jamestown, America. First shipment of women to be wives arrives, each available in exchange for 120lbs of tobacco. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1643 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Russia. Tsar Michael declares smoking a deadly sin and orders smokers to be flogged or have their lips slit. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1665-1666 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The Great Plague infects Europe. Thought to offer protective effect, smoking is made compulsory at Eton. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1700’s || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Though rare, lung cancer is first described. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1760 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">NYC, USA. Pierre Lorillard launches first tobacco company in US, processing pipe, tobacco and cigars. In 1790’s he launches the US’s first national advertising campaign, distributing posters through the Post Office. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1761 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Physician John Hill publishes possibly the first clinical study of tobacco effects and warns snuff users are susceptible to cancers of the nose. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1776 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">US Revolution. Also known as the Tobacco War with growers perpetually in debt to British merchants. Tobacco helps serve as collateral to finance war, through US loan from France. Post-war, tobacco taxes help repay debt. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1800’s || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">In France, prostitutes near Notre Dame are the first women to smoke in public. The British trade with China and introduce opium smoking. This trend eases amongst Europeans during WW1 and Chinese during mid 1960’s with the Cultural Revolution. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1828 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">German students Ludwig Reimann and Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt isolate nicotine in a pure form and conclude it is a ‘dangerous poison’. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1830’s || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">USA. First organised anti-tobacco movement supports temperance movement, as the ‘morbid or diseased thirst’ created by tobacco could only be quenched by liquor. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1832 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">An Egyptian soldier in the Turk/Egyptian war credited with the invention of the cigarette as we know it, using the paper tubes made for gunpowder in the absence of a working pipe. Idea spread amongst soldiers on both sides. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1843 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">In France - the SEITA monopoly begins manufacture of cigarettes ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1852 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Matches introduced to make smoking easier. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1855 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Annual Report of the New York Anti-Tobacco Society calls tobacco a "fashionable poison," warns against addiction and claims half of all deaths of smokers between 35 and 50 were caused by smoking. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1858 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Fears are first raised about the health effects of smoking in The Lancet. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1860 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Manufactured cigarettes appear. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1864 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The first federal cigarette excise tax is imposed to help pay for the American Civil War. The same year, the first American cigarette factory opens, producing almost 20 million cigarettes. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1870 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">US has its lowest per capita smoking rate on record - 0.4 cigarettes (The Tax Burden on Tobacco, Historical Compilation Volume 35, 2000). ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1877 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Post Civil War in USA, modernisation of farm equipment and manufacturing expands consumption of tobacco right up until 1960’s. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1889 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Only 140 documented lung cancer cases worldwide. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1890 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chewing tobacco peaks in US at three lbs per capita, as 26 states and territories outlaw sale of cigarettes to minors (14-24 yrs). ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1893 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">USA The state of Washington bans the sale and use of cigarettes. The law is overturned on constitutional grounds as a restraint of free trade. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1900 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">USA 4.4 billion cigarettes are sold this year. The anti-cigarette movement has destroyed many smaller companies. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1901 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">USA - strong anti-cigarette activity in 43 of 45 states. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1905 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">"Tobacco" is removed from the US Pharmacopoeia, an official government listing of drugs, as “the price that had to be paid to get the support of tobacco state legislators for the Food and Drug Act of 1906. The elimination of the word automatically removed tobacco from FDA supervision. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1908 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">New York City bans smoking by women in public. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1912 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">US members of the Non-Smokers' Protective League are ridiculed in editorial ie "Smoking may be offensive to some people, but encourages peace and morality". ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1912 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">In a monograph, Dr. Isaac Adler is the first to strongly suggest that lung cancer is related to smoking. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1913 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">American Society For The Control Of Cancer is formed to inform the public about the disease - later becomes the American Cancer Society. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1917 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">R.J. Reynolds suspects American Tobacco of disseminating rumours of salt petre in tobacco, and factory workers with leprosy and syphilis and claims agents would enter streetcars, one from the front and one from the rear, hold a loud conversations...and then exit to repeat again and again. They post $500 reward notices. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1918 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">USA Virtually an entire generation return from WW1 addicted to cigarettes. Frederick J. Pack publishes "Tobacco and Human Efficiency," the most comprehensive compilation of anti-cigarette opinion to date. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1920 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Atlantic Monthly publishes article stating, "scientific truth" has found "that the claims of those who inveigh against tobacco are wholly without foundation has been proved time and again by famous chemists, physicians, toxicologists, physiologists, and experts of every nation and clime.” ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1924 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Reader's Digest publishes "Does Tobacco Injure the Human Body," the beginning of a RD campaign to make people think before starting to smoke. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1927 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Philip Morris, RJR and ATC target women in Marlboro, Camel and Lucky Strike advertisements. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1928 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The Journal of the AMA criticizes claims that smoking is healthful. That year, Edward Bernays mounts a "freedom march" of smoking debutantes/fashion models who walk down Fifth Avenue during the Easter parade dressed as Statues of Liberty and holding aloft their Lucky Strike cigarettes as "torches of freedom." ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1929 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">German Fritz Lickint publishes formal statistical evidence of lung cancer link to smoking. This spurs strong anti-smoking movement from Nazi Germany. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1950 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Release of three epidemiological studies - all provide compelling links between smoking and lung cancer. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1930 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">2,357 cases of lung cancer reported in the US, where Federal tax revenue from tobacco passes $500 million. That year researchers in Cologne, Germany, made a statistical correlation between cancer and smoking. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1933 || <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-decoration: none;">Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> imposes acreage restrictions on tobacco production and provides for government loans to tobacco farmers. The AAA institutes price supports, basically saving tobacco farmers from ruin. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1936 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">American Journal of Obstetrics and Bynecology publishes an article raising concerns about the effect of smoking on unborn children. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1938 || <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-decoration: none;">Dr. Raymond Pearl of Johns Hopkins University reports to New York Academy of Medicine that smokers do not live as long as non-smokers. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1939 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Nazi Germany: Fritz Lickint, in collaboration with the Reich Committee for the Struggle against Addictive Drugs and the German Anti-tobacco League, publishes Tabak und Organismus (Tobacco and the Organism), called "arguably the most comprehensive scholarly indictment of tobacco ever published." It blamed smoking for cancers all along the Rauchstrasse ("smoke alley")--lips, tongue, mouth, jaw, oesophagus, windpipe and lungs. [Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer] ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1939-1945 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">As part of the war effort, Roosevelt makes tobacco a protected crop. General Douglas McArthur makes the corncob pipe his trademark. Cigarettes are included in GI's C-Rations as Tobacco companies send millions of free cigarettes to GI's, mostly the popular brands; the home front had to make do with off-brands like Rameses or Pacayunes. Tobacco consumption is so fierce a shortage develops. By the end of the war, cigarette sales are at an all-time high. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1941 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Drs. Alton Oschner and Michael DeBakey published “Carcinoma of the Lung” in Archives of Surgery, noting a correlation between the increased sale of tobacco and the increasing prevalence of lung cancer. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1942 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The first complete, documented, and authoritative story on tobacco as a cause of diseases and a shortener of life appeared in the
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1943 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Philip Morris places an ad in the National Medical Journal suggesting: //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">"'Don't smoke' is advice hard for patients to swallow. May we suggest instead 'Smoking Philip Morris?’ Tests showed three out of every four cases of smokers' cough cleared on changing to Philip Morris. Why not observe the results for yourself?" // ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1945 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">College of Physicians & Surgeons publishes "The Effect of Smoking Tobacco on the Cardiovascular System," written by Dr Roth of the Mayo Clinic. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1946 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">National advertising campaign by RJ Reynolds states “"According to a recent nationwide survey: MORE DOCTORS SMOKE CAMELS THAN ANY OTHER CIGARETTE! Family physicians, surgeons, diagnosticians, nose and throat specialists, doctors in every branch of medicine... a total of 113,597 doctors...were asked the question: "What cigarette do you smoke?" And more of them named Camel as their smoke than any other cigarette!” ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1940-1950 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">As most tobacco-ad-laden newspapers refused to report growing evidence of tobacco's hazards,George Seldes starts his own newsletter :"For 10 years, we pounded on tobacco as one of the only legal poisons you could buy in America," ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1947 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">NY Times Sunday magazine carries a glowing tribute to tobacco by staff writer W B Hayward, "Why We Smoke -- We Like It." The sidebar, purporting to show an opposing side, contains no mention of recent studies indicating links to heart disease, cancer and decreased longevity. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1948 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The Journal of the American Medical Association argues, "More can be said on behalf of smoking as a form of escape from tension than against it . . . there does not seem to be any preponderance of evidence that would indicate the abolition of the use of tobacco as a substance contrary to the public health." Yet health statistics show lung cancer has grown 5 times faster than other cancers since 1938; behind stomach cancer, it is now the most common form of the disease. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1950 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Three important epidemiological studies provide the first powerful links between smoking and lung cancer. Throughout the 50’s public's health concerns drive companies to compete in rival ad campaigns dubbed ‘the tar wars”. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1952 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">12,000 people die in London, attributed to respiratory disease caused by pollution. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1952 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">USA: Aggressive advertising and PR by cigarette makers attempts to reclaim ‘benign to health’ territory. In UK, heavy smoker King George VI dies of lung cancer, sparking serious debate. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1953 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">American Medical Association bans cigarette advertising from its publications. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1954 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Preliminary report from British Doctors Study, ongoing between 1951 and 2001. By 1956, it had delivered convincing statistical proof that tobacco smoke increased risk of lung cancer. Follow up reports every ten years presented further evidence. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1953 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">It’s the first time since the 1939 price fixing scandal that cigarette execs meet. They resolve to seek expert PR help. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1954 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Marlboro cowboy ad campaign created for Philip Morris.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1958 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Tobacco Institute founded as a joint lobbying effort by the six major tobacco companies. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1963 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The 6 largest tobacco companies give the AMA a $10 million research grant. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1964 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Surrounded by very unusual security measures, the United States Surgeon General’s report on Smoking and Health is released. It determines that smoking causes cancer - shocking news for more than half of all US males who smoke. Smoking in the US plummets by 20% within 3 months of the report, but numbers recover - and build in years to come. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1967 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">US Federal Communications Commission applies fairness doctrine to television cigarette advertising - anti-smoking ads begin and an estimated 10 million Americans quit smoking between 1967 and 1970 as a result. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1970-1980 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Global per capita cigarette consumption grows - largely in poorer countries. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1971 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969 takes effect in US - Cigarette advertising banned on TV, costing broadcasting industry an estimated $220 million in annual revenue. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1972 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Cigarette companies agree to include health warnings with all cigarette advertising. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1975 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Smoking banned in many establishments in Italy, on city buses in Thailand. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1977 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Philip Morris signs a licensing agreement representing the Soviet tobacco industry. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1979 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">In Australia, activist group BUGAUP (Billboard Utilising Graffitists Against Unhealthy Promotions) begins defacing tobacco and alcohol billboards. Mother Jones magazine publishes "Why Dick Can't Stop Smoking", giving tobacco manufacturers advance notice and as a professional courtesy, so they can pull their ads from the issue, according to MoJo in 1996. However, Philip Morris, Brown & Williamson, and others respond by cancelling several years' worth of cigarette ads. Liquor companies follow suit in a show of corporate solidarity.In the US, the Surgeon General’s report on smoking indicates consequences are far more devastating than originally indicated in 1964 - stating smoking is addictive, causes lung cancer and is harmful to the unborn children of pregnant women. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1980’s || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Widespread condemnation of smoking begins. Globally, litigation against tobacco companies is on the rise. Early 80’s see tobacco companies vie for low tar cigarette market share. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1982 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Surgeon General’s report on health consequences of smoking for cancer conclude that smoking caused 30% of all cancers and resulted in 130,000 deaths per annum. A 25% hike in cigarette prices in Germany leads to a 17% decline in sales. However the US reports its highest ever sales of cigarettes - 624 billion units in one year. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1983 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The creative director of a New York advertising agency spoke of working on tobacco advertisements, "We were trying very hard to influence kids who were 14 to start smoking". (Medical Journal of Australia, 5 March 1983, p.237). ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1984 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Approx 33 million Americans (1/3 of those who smoked) had quit since 1970. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1985 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Lung cancer surpasses breast cancer as #1 killer of women.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1987 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Victoria, Australia is the first state to use a tobacco tax to create a tobacco control foundation. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1988 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Philip Morris revenues reach nearly $32 billion; net earnings top $2.3 billion. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1989 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Canada: The government requires cigarette manufacturers to list the additives and amounts for each brand. RJ Reynolds temporarily withdraws and reformulates brands to be different from their US versions. Philip Morris withdraws its cigarettes from the Canadian market entirely. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1990 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Between 1965 and 1990, adult smoking in the US declines from 42% to 25%. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1992 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Nicotine patch introduced. Australia introduces Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act. Financial World ranks Marlboro the world's most valuable brand (value: $31.2 billion) ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1993 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Thirty-two million American smokers (70% of all adult smokers) report that they want to quit smoking completely. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1994 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">During the presidential campaign, Senator Robert Dole questions the addictiveness of tobacco, comparing the dangers of smoking to those of drinking milk.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> Canadian scientists report evidence of cigarette smoke in foetal hair- first biochemical proof that the offspring of non-smoking mothers can be affected by passive cigarette smoke. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">World market for tobacco estimated at around $5.34 trillion. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Philip Morris launches website that, for first time, acknowledges scientific consensus on smoking. "There is overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers,'' its website states “there is no safe cigarette . . . cigarette smoking is addictive“ ...and concurrently begin a $100 million ad campaign touting their charitable contributions. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Engle Jury Awards Florida smokers punitive damages of $145 billion. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">In the Czech Republic, news reveals that Philip Morris released a commissioned report concluding that smokers save the state money - by dying early. International media seize on this with heavy coverage and extremely negative commentary. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Disease) epidemic in Asia spurs rumours in China, Singapore and the Philippines, reminiscent of Europe's plague years, that smoking prevents the disease. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">EU adopts the Tobacco Advertising Directive banning tobacco advertising in the print media, on radio and over the internet by July 31, 2005, and forbidding tobacco sponsorships of cross-border events and activities. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Globally, cigarette production declines 2.3% from previous year, to 5.5 trillion units - the lowest since 1972. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">British Medical Association releases "Smoking and Reproductive Health" report, detailing the damage smoking and passive smoking does to men women and children: impotence, infertility, cervical cancer, SIDS, etc. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Smoking bans and other tobacco control legislation take effect in Cuba, Italy, Bulgaria, Bangladesh, Sweden, Scotland, Canada, Europe, the UK and several more US states. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">In Singapore, the 15th World Conference on Tobacco or Health declared “(We) recognise that tobacco in all its forms is a global health catastrophe causing 6 million deaths annually, untold suffering, and costing many billions of dollars each year.” <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: super;">12. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">In Australia, tobacco companies strongly opposing legislation introducing plain paper packaging for all tobacco products, take their case to the High Court of Australia on the grounds such legislation is unconstitutional. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1995 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">FDA declares nicotine a drug, while underage smoking in the US is on the rise. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1996 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Researchers disclose molecular link between a substance in tobacco tar and lung cancer. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1997 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Liggett Tobacco issues statement: "We at Liggett know and acknowledge that, as the Surgeon General and respected medical researchers have found, cigarette smoking causes health problems, including lung cancer, heart and vascular disease and emphysema. Liggett acknowledges that the tobacco industry markets to 'youth,' which means those under 18 years of age, and not just those 18-24 years of age." ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1999 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Film ‘The Insider’ released, based on the true story of tobacco whistleblower and former tobacco research scientist Jeffrey Wigand. Nominated for several Academy Awards, the film follows the story of Wigand’s role as witness in a lawsuit filed in 50 states against the tobacco industry. The suit was eventually settled for $246 billion.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">2000 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Wholesalers and distributors file suit against major tobacco companies, accusing them of collusion/price fixing.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">2001 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Australian barmaid wins AU$450G from employer - Port Kembla RSL - for negligence, claiming her cancer was caused by years of breathing other people's smoke.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">2002 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Philip Morris fined for breaching Australian tobacco advertising laws at a fashion event in December 2000. "Philip Morris developed the event as a means of advertising its product amongst young women so as to increase cigarette consumption amongst that group," Magistrate John Andrews said in his judgment. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">2003 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">French President Jacques Chirac declares ‘War on tobacco’ and imposes steep tax increases on cigarettes.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">2004 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Smoking bans and other tobacco control legislation take effect in Canada, Netherlands, Malta, the UK, Mexico, New Zealand, Bhutan, Norway, India, China, and in several US states.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">2005 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">‘Thank you for Smoking’ released to largely positive reviews. The feature film lampoons the subversive tactics of big tobacco spin doctors.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">2006 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Smoking bans and other tobacco control legislation take effect in Macedonia, Australia, Spain, Czech Republic, Uruguay, Argentina, Serbia, Singapore, Iraq, Thailand and more US states. In Kenya however a ban is halted due to lawsuit threat. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">2007 - 2009 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Smoking bans and other tobacco control legislation take effect in many other countries including Belgium, Lithuania, Hong Kong, Jersey Island, France, Puerto Rico, Wales, Albania, Northern Ireland, Brunei, Israel, UAE, New Zealand, Switzerland and further US states. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">2011 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Australia passes The Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011, in an effort to reduce smoking rates. Effective October 1, 2012, the legislation prohibits the use of logos, brand imagery, and promotional text on tobacco products and packaging, and includes restrictions on colour, size, format and materials of packaging, as well as the appearance of brand and variant names. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: super;">11. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">2012 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The South Australian Government pushes for tobacco companies to compensate governments for smoking-related health costs. Health Minister John Hill stated, "It costs taxpayers millions of dollars a year to look after smokers and it is a cost that is completely preventable, and I think we should be able to make a case in Australia, similar to the case in the US, where tobacco companies were forced to pay compensation to the states."


 * SUMMARY OF SMOKING TIMELINE **